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Date |
Event(s) |
| 1 | 1509 | - 1509—1547: Henry VIII, becomes king.
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| 2 | 1512 | - 1512: Nikolaus Kopenik, better known as Copernicus, circulated a manuscript, the Commentariolus, which hypothesized that the Earth was a planet and planets revolved in epicircles around the Sun, that the Earth rotated daily
- 1512: England begins construction of double-deck warships
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| 3 | 1513 | - 1513: Battle of Flodden Field (fought at Flodden Edge, Northumberland) in which invading Scots are defeated by the English under their commander, 70 year old Thomas Howard, Earl of Surrey; James IV of Scotland is killed.
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| 4 | 1514 | - 1514: King Manuel I of Portual enhances the menagerie of animals owned by Pope Leo X through the gift of an Indian elephant. Curious crowds follow the beast the entire length of its journey through Italy.
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| 5 | 1515 | - 1515: Thomas Wolsey, Archbisop of York, is made Lord Chancellor of England and Cardinal
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| 6 | 1517 | - 1517: The Protestant Reformation begins; Martin Luther nails his 95 Theses against the Catholic practice of selling indulgences on the church door at Wittenberg
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| 7 | 1519 | - 1519: Avocados were introduced to Europe by Spanish explorer Hernando Cortez
- 1519: Magellan begins his journey to circumnavigate the world with five ships and 270 men. In 1521 Magellan is killed by natives in the Philippines. Eventually in 1522, eighteen of Magellan's crew and one ship return
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| 8 | 1520 | - 1520: Field of Cloth of Gold: Francois I of France meets Henry VIII but fails to gain his support against Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V
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| 9 | 1521 | - 1521: Henry VIII receives the title Defender of the Faith from Pope Leo X for his opposition to Luther
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| 10 | 1529 | - 1529: Henry VIII dismisses Lord Chancellor Thomas Wolsey for failing to obtain the Pope's consent to his divorce from Catherine of Aragon; Sir Thomas More appointed Lord Chancellor; Henry VIII summons the Reformation Parliament and begins to cut the ties with the Church of Rome
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| 11 | 1530 | - 1530: Turkeys brought to Spain by Pedro Alonso Nino poultry farms by 1530, were in Rome by 1525, were in France by 1538, and then spread rapidly to other parts of the Old World.
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| 12 | 1532 | - 1532: Sir Thomas More resigns over the question of Henry VIII's divorce
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| 13 | 1533 | - 1533: Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn and is excommunicated by Pope Clement VII; Thomas Cranmer appointed Archbishop of Canterbury
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| 14 | 1534 | - 1534: Act of Supremacy: Henry VIII declared supreme head of the Church of England
- 1534: Jacques Cartier enters the St. Lawrence River. Land in Great Lakes claimed for France
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| 15 | 1536 | - 1536: Anne Boleyn is beheaded; Henry VIII marries Jane Seymour; dissolution of monasteries in England begins under the direction of Thomas Cromwell, completed in 1539.
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| 16 | 1537 | - 1537: Jane Seymour dies after the birth of a son, the future Edward VI
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| 17 | 1539 | - 1539: Dissolution of Glastonbury Abbey; buildings torched and looted by king's men; Abbot Richard Whiting is executed by hanging atop Glastonbury Tor.
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| 18 | 1540 | - 1540: Henry VIII marries Anne of Cleves following negotiations by Thomas Cromwell; Henry divorces Anne of Cleves and marries Catherine Howard; Thomas Cromwell executed on charge of treason
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| 19 | 1541 | - 1541: Giambattista Canano published illustrations of each muscle and its relation with the bones.
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| 20 | 1542 | - 1542: Catherine Howard is executed
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| 21 | 1543 | - 1543: Henry VIII marries Catherine Parr; alliance between Henry and Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor) against Scotland and France
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| 22 | 1544 | - 1544: Henry VIII and Charles V invade France
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| 23 | 1546 | - 1546: Fracastoro published the idea that diseases were caused by disease-specific seeds that could multiply within the body and be transmitted directly from person to person or directly on contaminated objects, even over long distance; moreover, he proposed that variations in the intensity of epidemics could be attributed to changes in the virulence of germs
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| 24 | 1547 | - 1547—1553: Edward VI, King of England: Duke of Somerset acts as Protector
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| 25 | 1549 | - 1549: Introduction of uniform Protestant service in England based on Edward VI's Book of Common Prayer
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| 26 | 1550 | - 1550: Fall of Duke of Somerset:; Duke of Northumberland succeeds as Protector
- 1550: Wallpaper arrives in Europe from China
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| 27 | 1551 | - 1551: Archbishop Cranmer publishes Forty-two Articles of religion
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| 28 | 1553 | - 1553: On death of Edward VI, Lady Jane Grey proclaimed queen of England by Duke of Northumberland, her reign lasts nine days; Mary I, daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, Queen of England (to 1558); Restoration of Roman Catholic bishops in England
- 1553—1558: Queen Mary I (with Philip of Naples)
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| 29 | 1554 | - 1554: Execution of Lady Jane Grey
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| 30 | 1555 | - 1555: England returns to Roman Catholicism: Protestants are persecuted and about 300, including Cranmer, are burned at the stake
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| 31 | 1558 | - 1558: England loses Calais, last English possession in France; Death of Mary I; Elizabeth I, daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, becomes Queen; Repeal of Catholic legislation in England
- 1558—1603: Queen Elizabeth I
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| 32 | 1559 | - 1559: Pope Paul IV issues Index of Forbidden Books
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| 33 | 1560 | - 1560: Treaty of Berwick between Elizabeth I and Scottish reformers; Treaty of Edinburgh among England, France, and Scotland
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| 34 | 1563 | - 1563: The Thirty-nine Articles, which complete establishment of the Anglican Church
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| 35 | 1564 | - 1564: Peace of Troyes between England and France
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| 36 | 1565 | - 1565: Lead pencil invented
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| 37 | 1567 | - 1567: Murder of Lord Darnley, husband of Mary Queen of Scots, probably by Earl of Bothwell; Mary Queen of Scots marries Bothwell, is imprisoned, and forced to abdicate; James VI, King of Scotland
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| 38 | 1568 | - 1568: Mary Queen of Scots escapes to England and is imprisoned by Elizabeth I at Fotheringay Castle
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| 39 | 1569 | - 1569: Gerard de Cremer, better known as Gerardus Mercator, published the projection map of the world which bears his name.
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1510 - 1575 (65 years)